Who am I?

My instructor thought it was inappropriate that I post all this information on Chibana and that my name doesn't appear anywhere on this blog. His concern is that people will start to "borrow" information from here without giving me any credit for any of the research I've been doing. I'm also sure there are those who visit and say, "Who is this guy? Who does he think he is? He's no (insert famous karate historian's name)." There's hardly anything about myself on this site.

Well, my name is Terry Garrett, and I've been attempting to do karate for approximately 6 years (emphasis on attempting). I have a long way to go before I'm even 1/10th as good as those who have taught me - this isn't modesty, unfortunately, but truth. I'm that bad. I practice Shorin Ryu, and I was (am?) a member of the Shorinkan Shorin Ryu organization under Nakazato Shuguro; my first instructor was Mr. Mark Staal, a good man and a great teacher. Mr. Staal is a behavioral psychologist and Air Force officer. For the last 2 years I have been a student of Mr. Patrick Nakata, an extraordinary instructor. Mr. Nakata had the fortune of being a student of Chibana Choshin in 1962, becoming a virtual uchi-deshi for a year - he trained 14 hours a day, six days a week at Chibana's home and at the Yamakawa Dojo. Chibana thought him worthy of a shihan teaching license and awarded it to him in 1965 (he's the "American student" I refer to in the post "A Family Affair"). My interest in Chibana stems largely from Mr. Nakata's voluminous stories of him.

As a descendant of Chibana's karate lineage, I have a vested interest in finding as much information about him as I can and making it public for other members of his karate progeny. I believe that only by understanding the past can we look forward to the future of karate - okay...this statement is trite, but it's true.

Recently, I have also developed a keen interest in exposing overlooked masters. Itosu, quite frankly, was THE MAN, and his students were the vanguard of Okinawan karate to the world. However, besides Funakoshi Gichin and Mabuni Kenwa, how much information is out there on Itosu and his disciples? Hanashiro Chomo and Kentsu Yabu were, along with Chibana Choshin, Itosu's top students. Yet hardly anything in print exists on these men who were the dai-sempai of Itosu's dojo. Thanks to the efforts of people like Mr. Charles Goodin who recently wrote an article on Kentsu Yabu in Classical Fighting Arts (1), we are beginning to find out more about these karate legends. Hopefully, more information will become public; and as we dig deeper, karateka world-wide will realize that there's more to karate than jumping around, screaming, and breaking boards. That there's a rich history waiting to be discovered.

Hopefully, I'm playing a small part in uncovering said history. Then again, what the heck do I know? I'm an economist.

(1) See his article, "Kentsu Yabu's Senior Students in Hawai'i" in Classical Fighting Arts, Issue 8, 2006, pg. 15-21.

A Family Affair

Karate was a family affair.

In the late 19^th Century, two eminent disciples of Matsumura Sokon became fast friends – Tawada Shinkazu and Itosu Ankoh. Both became prominent men. Itosu – a peichin – rose to soushi koori, personal secretary to the king and administrator of udon, the class of wealthy landowners who were equivalent to daimyo on mainland Japan (1). A karate expert of noble blood, Tawada also became peichin, a royal bodyguard to the King of the Ryukyu Kingdom. Both men were educated and scholarly. Itosu was trained in the Confucian classics. Tawada was most likely a product of bun bu ryoudo. Both men became legends. Itosu was famous for both his karate and his barrel-chested strength. Funakoshi Gichin raves in his Karatedo: My Way of Life of Itosu’s ability to crush bamboo stalks in his bare hands (2). Tawada was famous for both his karate and his prowess with the sai (3). With a thick mop of long hair that shagged over his eyes, he was affectionately called “Megantu”, the hogen word describing his hair style (4).

With so much in common, it should come as no surprise that these men were related to each other. Born between 1830-1832, Itosu was Tawada’s senior by approximately 20 years (5). Itosu’s chonan or first born son, therefore, would have been approximately the same age as Tawada or perhaps slightly younger. Tawada introduced his younger sister to Itosu’s chonan, and the two later married. While both were peers under Matsumura, it was this introduction and subsequent marriage of Itosu’s chonan that led to Itosu and Tawada’s fast friendship.

While the time frame is unclear, Chibana’s oldest sister caught Tawada’s eye, and the two married. Perhaps after some friendly nudging from his new wife, Tawada took his new brother-in-law, Chibana, under his wing and also began to train him.***

Chibana must have made an impression; between 1899-1900, Chibana was introduced to Itosu through Tawada. At age fifteen, Chibana left Okinawa Kenritsu Dai-ichi Chugakko and with a recommendation letter from his brother-in-law, became a full-time disciple of Itosu. While Itosu became Chibana’s main instructor, with the encouragement and approval of Itosu, Chibana continued to see and train with Tawada.

Chibana’s sai-justu was undoubtedly strong as he learned the use of the sai from Tawada. But, the most famous of Tawada’s teachings to Chibana was matsumura patsai. Itosu had created his own patsai kata, which is preserved today as patsai sho amongst most Shorin schools and derivatives. A popular story circulates that when Chibana wanted to learn the Matsumura version, Itosu sent him to Tawada. Chibana learned matsumura patsai from Tawada, returned to Itosu, and demonstrated the kata. Chibana’s performance of matsumura patsai impressed Itosu so much that Itosu encouraged Chibana to retain the kata and preserve it for future generations.

Chibana must have impressed both masters greatly. One of Funakoshi Gichin’s instructors, Azato Ankoh, said, “From ancient times, people appreciated the difficulty of being a teacher to one’s own child, and so it was common practice to exchange children, letting others look after the education of one’s children and vice versa.” (6) This was not, however, something taken lightly. Tawada sent his son to Chibana to learn karate, indicating a great degree of trust and respect for Chibana’s skills and prowess. Chibana became the dai-sempai of the Itosu dojo in Itosu’s latter days, somewhere between 1910-1915. As mentioned in the previous article, “Busy, Busy, Busy,” dai-sempai-ship in the Itosu dojo was also not a matter taken lightly. Chibana assumed teaching duties in the dojo by running classes and handled all would-be challengers.

Both masters also must have made a deep impression on Chibana. Chibana diligently preserved the patsai kata he learned from Tawada, specifically selecting and revealing this kata to mainland Japan and the world in Nakasone Genwa’s 1938 Karatedo Taikan (7). In 1964, to galvanize a community destroyed by war and honor the memory of his master, Chibana erected a monument to Itosu (8).

The Itosu monument in Makabe, Naha, Okinawa.

In his last days, Chibana chose his grandson, Nakazato Akira, to succeed him as ato-tsugi and continue his Okinawa Shorin Ryu Karatedo Kyoukai. Chibana sent both Akira and Akira’s elder brother, Jiro, to train under one of Chibana’s American students whom Chibana had just awarded a shihan teaching license in 1965. Though Akira did not become the successor as planned following Chibana’s death in 1969, Akira continued to train his grandfather’s karate until between 1979-1981 when he passed the mantle to an Okinawan named Higa. Higa trained and passed on his teachings to an Okinawan named Isa. Isa continues to propogate a version of Chibana karate to this day (9).

Isa

Chibana was laid to rest in the Tawada family plot where he remains to this day. Throughout his life, karate had been a family affair; from his beginnings with his brother-in-law Tawada to his succession of karate from Itosu, his master and relative from intermarriage.

The final resting place of Chibana Choshin...and to the immediate right....

the final resting place of Tawada Shinkazu "Megantu" Peichin

Notes:
(1) Nagamine Shoshin, Tales of Okinawa's Great Masters, (Boston: Tuttle Martial Arts, 2000), pg. 47.
(2) Funakoshi Gichin, Karate-Do: My Way of Life, (Tokyo: Kodansha Int'l, 1975), pg. 10.
(3) John Sells, Unante, 2nd Edition (Hollywood: W.M. Hawley Library, 2000), pg. 56.
(4) Talk with Mr. Masahiro Nakamoto, head of the Bunbukan Dojo and Karate Museum in Tori Hori, Shuri, Okinawa. "Megantu" is hogen for "hair over eyes" (a very rough translation) in reference to long bangs that completely cover the forehad and hang down close to or over a person's eyes (see some of Jackie Chan's first movies to get an idea of what I'm talking about). Tawada is also known as "Ta-ta" or "Ta-da", a hogen nickname from his students and peers who favored abbreviating his name by saying it quickly. "Shinkazu" is also most likely a Japanization of "Shimbuku."
(5) Hokama Tetsuhiro, Karatedo Rekishi Nenpyou, (Okinawa: Okinawa Book Center, 2001), pg. 24.
(6) Gichin Funakoshi, Karatedo Nyumon, (Tokyo: Kodansha Int'l., 1988), pg. 32.
(7) Pgs. 28-34 are pictures of then 53 year-old Chibana performing "kata patsai (matsumura-ha)." Pgs. 239-264 are detailed sketches of the kata with bunkai of the movement. Sells argues that the patsai Chibana learned from Tawada is properly Tawada-patsai, suggesting significant differences from the true Matsumura-patsai. These differences may not be deliberate or intentional as in Itosu's creation of his own patsai, but are probably due to habits, individual body mechanics, and different preferences between Matsumura and Tawada.
(8) Nagamine, pg. 45
(9) Isa began training shortly after Chibana's death, but he first met Chibana as a boy. Isa recalls his encounter with Chibana vividly: he was playing outside in the front yard of his home when Chibana stopped by to visit his father. Chibana wore a suit with a hat, and he stopped at the gate near Isa, removed his hat, and bowed to him. He humbly asked Isa's permission to enter and then asked Isa's permission to speak to his father, keeping his head lowered in a formal fashion. Isa was awed that such a man would lower his head and bow to him, a mere boy, and ask his permission. Isa says, "I knew I was in the presence of greatness."

Post script:
I've decided to go with the Asian way of names with family name first followed by first name. Trying to transform everyone's names western style with all of the stuff I'm reading is a bit of a headache. I've also decided to go with Chibana Choshin instead of Chibana Chosin for similar reasons.

Edit and Post Post Script:
Tawada introduced his younger sister to Itosu's chonan, NOT his cousin. Imouto and itoko sound similar if you say them fast enough... I've since corrected the mistake above.

***This paragpraph has been edited from a previous version since I have been unable to relocate the source from which I drew previous facts concerning Chibana and his sister learning under Kiyuna Taro.